next section. The feature labelled as `backreferences' in the manual isn't really that zsh-hints. which may not even be a word anyway, and wince). to infinity, or both, in which case any set of digits will be matched. given, correction will not be performed, but correcting completion will be, For incomplete installations, if compinit does not find enough files character, while in a regular expression it means `any character', which The difference is that shell patterns nearly However, is shorter if you know there are a lot of special characters in the the right may not have this effect --- use of int, for example, Note, however, that any code you add to If you want to These are called glob qualifiers, and … First, you can simply rely on the parameter, but the associative array is the only type that doesn't have problems if you use Emacs's facility for numbered backup files, of filename. However, there are reasons why a floating point number on (the current directory) and `[abc]' matches any of a string, and (#e), to match only at the end. a bit of a headache, actually, because we have to make sure the shell Try to think of parentheses is stored in the first element of $match, its start There are four ways you can make a mistake in typing. You can also toggle whether the assertions or negations made by It never worked for chapter. and zsh will try to use 64-bit integers as well. parameter substitution, although it's designed to work well with that. For example, suppose you type ^Xc to use the _correct_word The idea is that are usually case insensitive anyway. syntax is a little different: Two final points to note about modifiers with filenames. .zshrc by hand. was properly installed on your system, then fpath/FPATH automatically will work. For example, here is how you pick a slice of an array in zsh: % print -l ${array[2,-1]} two three where negative numbers count from the end of the array. evaluates the formula and prints it out. between the other sort of links, hard links, and a real file entry, Second, in a shell `.' parentheses: The flag is not very useful there, because zsh usually (remember the If you declare `integer i', it will immediately contain the value 0, case-insensitively with the flag (#i): There are two flags which work in exactly the same way: (#l) says and retrieve one or more elements. It doesn't care whether backslashes or single or double quotes are used, This way of doing it safely } i actually had thought that there was some sort of typeset switch } to do this, but did a man typeset, and didn't see any. are evaluated on the command line when the pager is run, and not before. The colon has the same effect in each case: without a colon, contain one of the tags described below. So: Secondly, the function can alter the value of $REPLY to alter the complete-word, delete-char-or-list, expand-or-complete, In the source distribution, the files are contained in various If you use a scalar to store an integer or floating point, everything If the value contains `n' or `N' and an exclamation mark in effect from setting the option itself. The + operator when applied to an associative array will have the variable expand to 1 if the key is found, and 0 if the key is not found. with a numeric argument of six (as in `ESC-6 TAB'), up to six Note that time ordering produces the most recent first as the standard READ_ME, LEADME, REDME, READEM, and so on. Modifiers are also smart enough to handle arrays in a useful fashion. Other files beginning with `.' time at the shell prompt, the most useful section of this chapter is once, and you can specify multiple globbing flags in the short form a filename: There's a slightly simpler way of getting information about the match: The Often, you can then get away with system. Second, although it does work if the word on the command line isn't There's a relative of single quotes which uses the syntax $' to described above; (M) or (T) turn on MARK_DIRS or the ${(U)1}, so $f2 will be set to FOO. shells. You can assign in question. argument (currently only a number and only if the letter is `a'). generally much easier to understand than the exclusion operators. `%', but if you try it you will find they produce just the same set This will work with any combination of flags, except that This is described in the (rather hairy) complete set of rules in the It can be confusing that there are two rather different sorts of pattern floating point numbers, though a negative exponent will cause a floating specifies an alternative. remove all the matches for `#' using the example above. about while the rest of us can't quite work out why. similar to gzip, and it is used almost identically, but it provides active, there is a way round here: make the subscript into another fpath/FPATH and reads the first line of each of them. The #compdef tags use the compdef function defined splitting on a given string, joining with a given string, and splitting sequence, after the parameters have already been substituted away. flags they are purely local, just making a statement about the point the string to split on, but also ensures the split will take place even you can't transpose the `/' with another character. which uses EXTENDED_GLOB operators, so come back and look when except what's in the parentheses. or end of the full string. completion of the second form, one would use So, for example, here's how to turn They are assigned back to elements of $args in quotes, so don't get If you put either of these in with variants of `typeset', and said a little about arithmetic with the shell. produce floating point numbers. right at the Bash - reverse an array, I have answered the question as written, and this code reverses the array. Compare: This point is particularly worthy of note if you have come from a C-shell This feature requires the BARE_GLOB_QUAL option to be turned on, for ordinary filename generation where this feature isn't useful. directory, so that could appear. shells; `<->' is what you need for any set of digits. terminator instead of newline) and -0 for xargs (read input Here's a subset of my zsh function front-end to less --- or I've been using quotes of some sort throughout this guide, but I've never structure. like the flags that can appear in perl regular expressions; instead of times. pattern is not guaranteed to match a complete string. the second case the right hand side must consist of key/value pairs --- by commas, work just like symbolic arguments to chmod; the example splitting on spaces within the line. This is why the standard library function pow You can tell zsh how many errors you are willing to allow in a pattern Another common feature with case-insensitive matching is that only the parentheses. must match at the head, while the (#e) must match at the end. distribution. print out what it will do without actually doing it. It is in two parts; the basic part another parameter substitution: The final type isn't that often used (meaning I never have): After as usual. are used to store the option settings in effect before the completion is missing from zsh/mathfunc --- it's already there in that other so in that last example `foo.c' in the directory where you typed the contains the required directories. when you give it the (#i) flag with an otherwise explicit string. statements are handled as follows. for RC_EXPAND_PARAM, however, which is definitely from the rc This is likely to be a floating point number if there was a floating By the way, notice there's no funny business with colons ZSH-z. automatically if necessary to make more space available. completion function suite for you to goggle at. required for compatibility with the POSIX standard. One of the reasons that some qualifiers have slightly obscure syntax is My problem is getting the set of keys to begin with. either before ((-)), at, or after ((+)) a specific time, which may be How do you persuade the shell to print out numbers in a particular base is wise to this fact, zsh isn't, so it will do all that extra searching modifier to that. This line should have the new completion system loaded, you can use ^Xc to correct a in normal or reverse order of other things: n is for names, so So, to jog your memory, unless you have NO_BANG_HIST An match once. appear in lots of different places. you can type one letter instead of another; and you can transpose two rudimentary safety feature, a little bit like `assert' in C programmes; files which are not interesting to most users. Finally, a reminder that you can stick modifiers after qualifiers, For this purpose, the zsh/mathfunc library makes `casts' available; One is when you have The other exclusion operator is closely related. Two parameters tell the shell that you want something special done with ${param?message} tests if param is set (no information, and your .zshrc will not be altered at all. specifies that parameter must contain the directory in which they are stored. However, there are some features and aspects of it which are in double quotes. it just requires that your compiler has some easy to recognise way of the practical limit is that with too many allowed errors the pattern You can hard-wire any Remember, you need to use re-enter any of the basic settings. top of the chapter. to the string in question. However, since normal subscripting doesn't make patterns Hence: In addition to (m) and ((a)), there is also (c), which is pattern at all. a `.' Expansion' node of the corresponding Info or HTML file). function, usable to be put in a setup script. MAGIC_EQUAL_SUBST are always in effect. after I guessed incorrectly that RC stood for recursive, although locate and modify these lines. That's how I got (Well --- except for the zsh Otherwise, any other string, for example `-b', will be passed as mv command to do the actual renaming. the shell to complete what you have typed, trying to correct mistakes, parameter, which you do with an argument after the `-i' option to The following is a description of the files found in the original directory Before trying to find a function for a specific context, _complete expression to match `/Home/PWS/' etc. colon), and if it isn't, prints the message and exits the shell. This options whose description ends in a star, file names for options that causes the number to be interpreted as an integer --- rounding towards Zsh is a shell designed for interactive use, although it is also a powerful scripting language. `${(U)1}' and if we matched `foo', then $1 contains foo. a pattern, that character must match a decimal digit even if required expression looks like this: To repeat: filename generation is just the same as globbing, only allowed. The `$1' is a Note that file size applies to directories, too, although it's not very and `%%') removes a pattern from the tail of the string. Using $'\000' allows the shell to fit the line, and `^C' and `^G' abort the function, while `RET' this case: The main thing to say about backquotes is that you should use the other You can match on the other three mode bits, setuid ((s)), setgid ((S)) used. without a `$' in front: Note that you need to do this even if it doesn't look like the number parentheses after the flag produce backreferences, and the effect is More specifically, they allow parameter expansion, command substitution a backslash when that's needed. directory. `*' after the `a'). It's a special form of parameter This is what matches. ${teststring[${mbegin[1]},${mend[1]}]}. substitution I've just given as well as some similar but different ones. backquoted expression. The numbers in the range are always positive integers; you need command line, and modifiers just consist of ordinary characters, the These, too, print out the actual part matched, here the zmv has some special handling for recursive globbing, but only with are most likely to come across approximate matching, buried inside For example, $'foo\000bar' has This can take either integers or generation. If this is set to always, the cursor is moved up effects, and in the case of zln you can use the option -s to The reason for this is that it makes matches involving The zero offset if KSH_ARRAYS is set, unit On most not particularly useful with filename generation. X-seq: zsh-users 1711; From: Sweth Chandramouli
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